cassava peels livestock feeds
Livestock feed formulations with cassava
Dried cassava roots and leaves in a ratio of 4 to 1 can replace maize in poultry feed and reduce feed costs without a loss in weight gain or egg production
A mixture of 82 parts cassava flour and 18 parts whole soybean makes a product similar to those of cereals (Tables 3-5).
Table 3. Nutritional composition of a cassava flour (82%) and soybean (18%) mixture.
Nutrients
Cassava flour (82%)+
Commercial maize (Whole soybean 12%)
Protein
9
8.5
Fat
3.5
3.6
Fiber
3.9
2.8
Ash
3.6
2.1
Calcium
0.29
0.4
Average phosphorus
0.09
0.8
Methionine
0.46
0.26
Methionine
+cystine
0.12
0.18
Threonine
0.24
0.35
Linolenic acid
0.28
0.29
Protein
0.1
0.07
Protein
1.7
0.40
Protein
9
2.1
Source: Buitrago et al.( 2002).
Table 4. An example of a complete ration for broilers based on cassava products and soybean.
Ingredients %
Starter
Finisher
Roots
Roots
Roots & foliage
Roots & foliage
Cassava roots flour
45.7
44.4
49.8
46.0
Cassava foliage flour
-
6.0
-
6.0
Soybean (toasted)
3.0
30.0
41.6
45.1
Soybean meal
18.7
16.4
5.2
-
DI-methionine
2.9
4.5
-
0.3
Dicalcium phosphate
0.29
0.29
0.23
0.23
Calcium carbonate
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.5
Salt
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.32
Vitamins
/minerals
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Anticocidal and additives
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Cassava foliage flour
Source: Buitrago et al.( 2002).
Table 5. Nutritional composition of diets for broilers based on cassava and soybean.
Ingredients
Starter
Finisher
Roots
Roots & foliage
Roots
Roots & foliage
Metaboli
-zable energy, mcal/kg
3.22
3.22
3.18
3.18
Protein, %
22.0
22.0
20.0
20.0
Methionine, %
0.59
0.59
0.49
0.49
Methionine +cystine
0.90
0.90
0.78
0.78
Lysine, %
1.26
1.26
1.12
1.12
Linolenic acid, %
3.41
3.56
3.60
3.85
Calcium, %
0.91
0.91
0.90
0.90
Average
phosphorus, %
0.42
0.42
0.40
0.40
Source: Buitrago et al.( 2002).
Cassava flour can be complemented with a large number of ingredients that provide the nutrients needed to obtain balanced food rations for poultry. Soybean (full fat) is presented as a very special and synergetic resource in the design of programs with high nutritional quality. The lack of protein and essential fatty acids that characterize the cassava flour can be amply satisfied with the use of soybean. Indeed, a balanced mixture of cassava flour and whole soybean can totally meet the requirements of energy, protein, and essential fatty acids for broilers and layers.
The specific nutritional requirements for broiler and layer diets offer favorable conditions to be satisfied by different mixtures of cassava flour and whole soybean. Likewise, this complementary function simplifies the design of feeding programs under commercial conditions. The soybean can be processed by extrusion or toasting methods. Evaluations conducted using both products have shown similar results.
Cassava feeds for livestock other than poultry
Several trials using cassava on cattle, sheep, goat and pigs are reported in Hahn et al. (1992) and recently by Tewe (2003) (Table 6)